Saturday, May 30, 2009

Central Ohio Mineral, Fossil, Gem & Jewelry Show


I paid a visit today to the COMFGJS (That is, Central Ohio Mineral, Fossil, Gem & Jewelry Show), and purchased several new fossils for my small collection, including a few Cretaceous shark teeth, a fragment of Glyptodon armor, and a real Spinosaurus tooth (a similar tooth shown above). All in all, an exciting and delightful experience. I recommend this show for anyone in Ohio or, indeed, anywhere else who is interested in such things.

Friday, May 29, 2009

Coo-coo!


In keeping up with all the missing-link hubbub of recent days, I'd like to announce the discovery of the missing link between a man and a loon. Ever heard of initial bipedalism? No? How about the AAH, or aquatic ape hypothesis? Didn't think so. However, Francois de Sarre, a French paleontologist, seems rather convinced. According to his theories, he believes that all tetrapods are descended from a proto-water-ape that lived millions of years ago. Understandably, his theory isn't extremely popular with the scientific community, but it is fun to read about.


"Dangerous Bacteria" My Rear!


Scientists have recently taken a closer look at the mouths of Komodo dragons, and boy, were they surprised! As it turns out, the hypothesis about bacteria killing the dragons' prey was nothing but a "fairy tale". Scientists discovered that the Komodo dragons in fact have a primitive venom-delivery system, akin to that of the only formerly-known to be venomous lizard, the Gila monster. This discovery implies that the dragons' close relative, the "Megalania" prisca, might also have had the same venom, which would make it the largest venomous animal known to science. Photo courtesy of National Geographic.



Sauropods - Not So Stiff, After All



As it turns out, sauropod dinosaurs may not have had necks as stiff as recent studies have hypothesized. This has added fuel to the old theories about sauropods browsing in the trees like oversized, saurian giraffes. The above picture is by Mark Witton.




Dinosaurs Might Have Dug Cheese



Erm, well... okay. That might be a bit of a stretch in the title. But recent discoveries have uncovered the first Mesozoic fossils from my birth state, Wisconsin. Samples inclue crocodile teeth and leaves dating back to the Cretaceous period. Regrettably, those pesky glaciers seem to have carried away any evidence of dinosaurs themselves, but we can only hope that one day they may be found.

Eeew. But, Cool!



As it turns out, aquatic snails may have used dino dung as shelter upon land. I'm not sure if I should be disgusted or astounded.

Dinosaurs May Have Survived After Impact

New evidence from rock strata in Utah and Wyoming suggests that some species of dinosaurs might have dwindled on for as many as 500,000 years after the Chicxulub impact event supposedly wiped them out. Though this may not mean much, it does offer credence to theories of extant dinosaurs throughout the world.

Holy Smokes!

Too much came out in one week. Curse my laziness. I'll have to cram all the new info into a few short posts, so bear with me as I attempt to tackle all the important news that came out over the past week.

Critter of the Week, 5/29/09: Schinderhannes

No, not the German criminal. Schinderhannes bartelsi may soon prove to be one of the more important fossil discoveries in arthropod science. Schinderhannes might be no different from any other anomalocarid - if it hadn't lived 100 million years after its close relatives had supposedly died out. While it was presumed for some time that the Anomalocarididae had gone extinct at the end of the Cambrian, about 510 or so million years ago, the 390 million-year-old Schinderhannes dates from the end of the Devonian. Additionally, it offers some odd clues to arthropod evolution - it seems to be transitional between anomalocarids and true arthropods. Though scientists still don't know quite what to make of this, it remains an interesting species nonetheless. As seen in the picture above, this genera has a body similar to that of trilobites and other early arthropods, but a head and mouth almost identical to those of Anomalocaris, as well as hard protrusions similar to those of Hurdia, another Cambrian anomalocarid.

Wednesday, May 20, 2009

Le Gasp! 'Ida' Shocks Scientists


If you're wondering, 'Ida', whose skeleton is shown at the right, is a 47 million-year-old Darwinius masillae, a species of primitive primate. It is considered by many scientists to be one of many 'missing links'; they believe that Darwinius lived some time near when more primitive primates such as lemurs and lorises branched off from more advanced primates, including monkeys, great apes, and, by extension, us. Does that mean anything? Probably not. But it gives us an excuse to hype up the media and gape at the wonderfully-preserved specimen from the Messel Shale (see right).

Critter of the Week, 5/20/09: Deltadromeus


Why am I replacing Critter of the Day with this segment? I'm a slacker. The very first Critter of the Week is Deltadromeus agilis, a medium-sized carnivore from the Cretaceous of North Africa. Deltadromeus is a member of a little-known family of ceratosaurs known as the Noasauridae. This family is characterized by their slender builds, which differentiate them from their abelisaurid cousins. Though Deltadromeus' skull has never been found, it is known from a few, relatively complete skeletons. It may have been a swift runner, and certainly would have to have been, to avoid its larger contemporary, Carcharodontosaurus. It was first described by Sereno et. al in 1996, and may be a junior synonym of the mysterious Bahariasaurus.

Thursday, May 14, 2009

Critter of the Day, 5/14/09: Yangchuanosaurus


Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis is an oddly-named theropod with an equally odd historical taxonomy. Like many other large carnivores, it was once thought to have been a megalosaurid (theropods more closely related to Megalosaurus than to spinosaurids), but was later assigned to the Sinraptoridae, a family of primarily Chinese carnosaurs which also includes Sinraptor, Metriacanthosaurus, and possibly Gasosaurus. It is believed to have filled a niche similar to that of its American cousin Allosaurus, which lived at the same time. If this is the case, it would have hunted down sauropods, possibly in small packs, occasionally running forward and inflicting large cuts, forcing its victims to bleed to death. It could have grown up to 35 feet (10 meters) long, and could have weighed as much as almost four tons. It was named in 1978 by Dong, et. al.

Wednesday, May 13, 2009

Critter of the day, 5/13/09: Daspletosaurus


Today's creature seems at first to be so close to Tyrannosaurus, that some scientists have hypothesized that it may be rexy's direct ancestor: Daspletosaurus torosus. This large tyrannosaurid lived between 80 and 73 million years ago. It was relatively robust, with a thick skull and stout legs. It coexisted with the smaller tyrannosaur Gorgosaurus libratus, and so it is currently believed that they occupied different dietary niches. It's known that Gorgosaurus probably fed mostly on hadrosaurs (duck-bills) like Parasaurolophus and Edmontosaurus, but it is still unclear at present exactly what Daspletosaurus's diet was. It was a relatively large tyrannosaur, at over 30 feet (9 meters) long. It was described by Russell in 1970.

Tuesday, May 12, 2009

Critter of the Day, 5/12/09: Gigantoraptor


Gigantoraptor erlianensis is one of the odder discoveries of recent years, both the largest oviraptorosaur (oviraptors) known to science, and the largest dinosaur currently thought to have posessed feathers in any significant number. Like other members of its family, Gigantoraptor would have been omnivorous, feeding on both plant matter and smaller animals. At a whopping 26 feet (8 meters), it is one of the larger theropods to have come from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia and China. It was described by Xu, et. al in 2007, and the above picture is by Luis V. Rey.

Monday, May 11, 2009

Critter of the Day, 5/11/09: Mapusaurus


Mapusaurus roseae was a large carcharodontosaurid (carnosaurs which include Carcharodontosaurus and Giganotosaurus) which dates from the Late Cretaceous, about 80 million or so years before the present. This is one of several varieties of large, carnivorous dinosaur which have been found in bone beds; the presence of individuals of several growth stages in the same place both gives us a more complete image of this genus, as well as a hint that it may have hunted in packs. It's speculated that, like other carcharodontosaurs, it may have charged in at sauropods to take a bite or slash, retreated, and repeated the process until its prey died of shock or blood loss. It was described in 2006 by Rudolfo Coria and Phillip Currie.

Sunday, May 10, 2009

Trilobites - Not Exactly Tiny!



A recent discovery in a Portuguese quarry has given us many new specimens of large trilobites, including the species Ogyginus forteyi and Hungeoides bohemicus, which indicate that more trilobites than we'd previously thought grew up to large sizes. Though throughout much of the region the average size of trilobites is only 10 centimeters, the average trilobite in the quarry is estimated at an unverified 30 centimeters long. The 2000 Isotelus rex specimen from Canada still has the crown for the largest trilobite currently verified, at 28 centimeters, but several specimens from the quarry are at least two centimeters long, and fragments have been found of what could prove to be a 90 centimeter specimen, which would be the largest trilobite on earth. The fossils date from around 460 million years ago, during the Ordovician period, when Portugal was near the South Pole.

Critter of the Day, 5/10/09: Tupuxuara


Two pterosaurs in as many days? For shame, I know. I can't help it if these guys are really interesting. The spotlight critter today is Tupuxuara longicristatus. Like its distant relative Tapejara, which was made famous in Walking With Dinosaurs, Tupuxuara lived in Brazil during the early Cretaceous. Its most distinguishing feature is its odd, swept-back crest. Its closest relatives are the azdarchids, the family of pterosaurs which includes Quetzalcoatlus and Hatzegopteryx. The first specimen was identified by Kellner & Campos in 1988.

Sunday, May 3, 2009

Critter of the Day, 5/9/09: Nyctosaurus

Gracing my page with its wonderfully odd crest today is Nyctosaurus, a pterosaur closely related to the more famous Pteranodon. Even though it was named by O. C. Marsh way back in 1876, it was not recognized as posessing its large crest until quite recently. The function of the crest is unknown, but it may have been used either for display or steering. This flying reptile lived at the very end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago, throughout the Western Interior Seaway which ran through North America.

Saturday, May 2, 2009

Critter of the Day, 5/8/09: Alamosaurus

Scientists currently consider it very unlikely that Alamosaurus sanjuanensis will be host to a battle between Texan soldiers and the Mexican Army, so visiting a mounted skeleton in a museum is probably perfectly safe. In all seriousness, though, this Upper Cretaceous titanosaur (southern long-necks; last known sauropods) was actually not named after the Alamo in San Antonio, but after the Ojo Alamo Formation in New Mexico. Confusing, huh? This sauropod is the only known titanosaur to have occured in North America, as most members of that group of sauropods are known only from localities which were once part of the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, such as South America, Africa, India, Madagascar, and southern Europe, though some forms have also been found in Asia. This dinosaur was named by Gilmore in 1922, and played a confusing game of taxonomical hopscotch before finally being placed with the titanosaurs.

Critter of the Day, 5/7/09: Nedoceratops

A strange name for a strange dinosaur - Nedoceratops hatcheri, formerly "Diceratops hatcheri", was renamed in 2007 by Ukrainsky, the former name having been coined by Richard Swan Lull. This poor ceratopsian (Triceratops and its ilk) was yet another incident of a dinosaur's name being changed, the name having been occupied by a bug (yes, a bug. See also, Dryptosaurus, Mononykus), in this case those pesky hymenoptera (assorted oddball bugs including bees and ants). Though on first inspection it is quite similar to its close cousin Triceratops (in fact, some scientists think that Nedoceratops is the closest relative of the more famous ceratopsid), this species differs from its larger, more popular relative by the fact that rather than a nose horn, it has a rounded lump similar to that found on the primitive ceratopsian Zuniceratops.

Critter of the Day, 5/6/09: Appalachiosaurus

Today's featured critter: a little beastie called Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis from the Upper Cretaceous of Alabama. This tyrannosaurid (T. rex's dysfunctional, extended family) is one of the most complete dinosaurs known from the American South. This 23-foot (7 metres, for our cousins across the pond and every other country on the planet) tyrannosaur was named by Thomas Carr (et. al) in 2005, and probably preyed upon and ate hadrosaurs and other herbivores, probably stopping to scavenge some dinosaur corpses along the way. Considering that it lived near the coast, there's also the possibility it could have taken to a seafood diet, maybe scavenging beached mosasaurs of plesiosaurs (not exactly fine cuisine).


Critter of the Day, 5/5/09: Gojirasaurus

No, this dinosaur has never been known to raid Tokyo. No, it probably would not take an Oxygen Destroyer to kill. But that certainly is the image that Kenneth Carpenter wanted to elicit when he named this dinosaur in 1997; Gojirasaurus quayi named for the big G himself, is the largest coelophysid (early, primitive theropod) currently known to science (don't confuse with largest coelophysoid, Dilophosaurus). This 18-foot dinosaur probably wasn't as fast as its smaller cousin Coelophysis, but it was still probably a rather fast, formidable hunter.... No, no atomic beams, either.


Critter of the Day, 5/4/09: Olorotitan

Weird-looking guy here, huh? I'll say! Olorotitan arharensis is quite the odd hadrosaur (duckbilled dinosaur); discovered in the Amur region of Russia, and described in 2003 by Pascal Godefroit (et al.). It is the most complete lambeosaurine (crested hadrosaur) known at present from outside of North America. Some of its more famous relatives include Parasaurolophus, Corythosaurus, and Lambeosaurus. Its most distinguishing feature is its crest, which takes on a shape unlike that of any other lambeosaur, and its strange appearance has caused scientists to wonder just how diverse the hadrosaurs really were.

Critter of the Day, 5/3/09: Uintatherium

Thought I only had a dinosaur fetish? Don't think I'd forget our Cenozoic buddies, the extinct mammals. I love those guys! This one in particular: Uintatherium anceps. This dinoceratian (a group of large, extinct mammals, presumably hairless) mammal lived during the middle of the Eocene Epoch in the Paleogene Period (formerly the Tertiary) of North America. This big guy was first discovered at Fort Bridger, Wyoming, and was named by famed paleontologist Joseph Leidy in 1872. Its six horns were apparently used as a display to the opposite sex, and the tusks in its mouth would have been useful for detering hyaenodont predators, a variety of carnivorous mammals from the same time and locality. The above picture was painted around 1920 by Heinrich Harder.

Critter of the Day, 5/2/09: Acrocanthosaurus


Today's daily critter: the mighty Acrocanthosaurus atokensis! This 40-foot carnivorous carnosaur (check up on the new definition - any dinosaur more closely related to Allosaurus than birds. It no longer means just any large carnivore) sported what is presumed by most to be a flashy sail (some guys think it supported a bison-like hump. Crazy bovinophiles). No one can seem to agree on whether this carnosaur was a very late Allosaurid or a northern Carcharodontosaurid (huge, southern theropods and voracious hunters of sauropods, or so our current understanding is), but the fact remains that it was quite a dangerous-looking beastie. The original specimen was found in Atoka County, Oklahoma, from which its species name was derived, and was then named in 1950 by J. Willis Stovall and Wann Langston, Jr. Due to its large dorsal spine, it was classified for some time with the spinosaurids. Additionally, the above picture (I think it's by Dmitry Bogdanov, but Wikipedia may have lied to me) is supremely kickass.

Guess Who's Back? Bronto's Back (Maybe)!


For you laymen out there who wonder what "Brontosaurus" would be brought back from, it's probably worth noting that, despite its frequent use in popular culture, the name "Brontosaurus" was merged into the name Apatosaurus way back in 1903 (you heard me. Still in use 106 years after it was 'deleted' from taxonomy books). The reason lies with the famous Bone Wars of the late 19th Century, between famed paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh. These two bitter rivals raced throughout the American West, going to extreme lengths (shoot-outs, stealing fossils, breaking said fossils, etc.) to name more species of dinosaur than each other. In 1877, Marsh named Apatosaurus ajax, the type species of the new genus Apatosaurus. Two years later, in 1879, he named another new species, "Brontosaurus" excelsus. Marsh could never have known that this second genus would soon become the bane of every paleontologist's existence. In 1903, 24 years later, Elmer Riggs pointed out the obvious similarities between the two, and put out buddy "Brontosaurus" into the earlier genus, christening it Apatosaurus excelsus. Obviously, the public was not told about this development. As of May 2009, there are four accepted species of Apatosaurus: A. ajax, A. louisae, A. excelsus, and A. parvus (formerly Elosaurus) In this frame of time, the Diplodocidae family of dinosaurs (the family that includes Apatosaurus and Diplodocus) has continued to cause massive headaches for dinosaur scientists (See Amphicoelias, Eobrontosaurus, etc.). And they aren't finished yet! Recent studies have shown that another diplodocid long-neck, Supersaurus, is more closely related with A. ajax and A. louisae than either are to A. excelsus (Bronto). By ICZN regulations, this should mean that A. ajax and A. louisae and A. excelsus should be placed in separate genera; and by the same ICZN rules of naming priority, "Brontosaurus" would be the name used for a new genus. I realize that as a chronic 'splitter', I may be a bit biased, but it does seem that the taxonomical rules obligate that "Brontosaurus" be brought back as a genus name. Feel free to discuss this, argue with it, or support it in the comments. I'm open for ideas here. xD

Despots, Ornithos, and Heteros. Oh, my!


The world of paleontology is abuzz these couple of months over several discoveries from the rich fossil beds of China - three new genera of Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs have been uncovered: Xiongguanlong, Beishanlong, and Tianyulong (what's up with all the longs, any way?); a tyrannosauroid, ornithomimosaur, and heterodontosaur, respectively. These three are quite important in modern dinosaur science, for reasons explained here. Firstly, Xiongguanlong is yet another of that important branch of dinosaurs which eventually led up to the great Tyrant himself, the fabled T. rex. This long-snouted primitive tyrannosaur has garnered the coining of a new 'main-stream' nickname for the early rex wannabes: "despots", just one step below a proper tyrant. Secondly, an interesting, though regrettably incomplete, skeleton has been found of Beishanlong, a large ornithomimosaur. Though known only from arms and a few fragments, it is estimated to be the largest ornithomimosaur found to date, excluding possibly Deinocheirus, the mysterious theropod known only from a pair of six-foot arms. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, is Tianyulong, a heterodontosaur which has (gasp!) feathery body coverings. You heard me! Feather science as we know it has been turned on its head by this discovery, which could possibly mean that the common ancestor of ornithischian (bird-hips, e.g. Triceratops, Parasaurolophus, Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus) and saurischian (lizard-hips, e.g. Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Plateosaurus, Apatosaurus) dinosaurs had feathers, which, by extension, puts forward the possibility that most, if not all dinosaurs, would have had at least some feathers on their bodies at some point in their lives. Though hints of this were heard when the ceratopsian Psittacosaurus was found with feather-like bristles a few years back, only now are we starting to get clues that dinos were a bit fuzzier than we previously thought. Keep your eyes peeled in the coming years for downy brachiosaurs and fluffy stegosaurs.

Startup

Hello all, and welcome to my brand-new paleo blog. Here, I'll host paleontology and cryptozoology-related news, theories, and mad rants. Feel free to post your ideas here, but be warned: if you're just here to post bull or make fun, go away. :p